Many people are taking care of the service which instantly finds the shortest route to the destination, such as a car navigation application or a smartphone map application, but most people who know ...

The path planning algorithms search for the collision-free path between the start and end points while satisfying the evaluation metrics 1. These algorithms are classified as the classical approaches, ...

The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...